Purpose: This study aims to analyze the modus operandi of human trafficking in Indonesia, its legal framework, and the application of criminal sanctions to perpetrators based on the legal objectives of justice, certainty, and utility. Methodology/approach: Using secondary sources and a normative juridical approach, this study analyzes statutes, regulations, and legal concepts through a descriptive-analytical method to assess the consistency of legislation and its application in human trafficking cases. Results/findings: Findings show that human trafficking in Indonesia involves sexual exploitation, forced labor, child trafficking, and organ trade, regulated under Law No. 21/2007, the Criminal Code, and Law No. 35/2014 on Child Protection. Conclusions: Human trafficking in Indonesia includes sexual exploitation, forced labor, child trafficking, and organ trade. It is addressed through Law No. 21/2007 as a lex specialis, supported by the Criminal Code and Child Protection Law. Limitations: This study uses a normative juridical analysis at a macro level, without empirical field data or direct perspectives, so it does not fully capture local implementation issues or judicial inconsistencies. Contribution: This research offers a theoretical and practical framework for harmonizing the trilogy of legal objectives in criminalizing human trafficking and sentencing policies in Indonesia.

Purpose: This study examines the efforts to combat illegal mining activities in the jurisdiction of Tulang Bawang Regency, Lampung Province, by analyzing both penal and non-penal approaches as well as the effectiveness of law enforcement through the lens of legal substance, legal structure, and legal culture. Methodology: Using a normative juridical approach, this research relies on primary and secondary legal materials. Primary data were obtained from interviews with key informants and relevant case observations, while secondary data were collected from legislation, books on penal policy, scientific journals, and previous studies related to criminal law enforcement in the mining sector. Results: The findings reveal that the penal approach, as regulated in Law No. 3 of 2020 on Mineral and Coal Mining and the Law on Environmental Protection and Management, provides a strong legal basis to impose criminal sanctions on illegal mining actors. However, law enforcement remains constrained by overlapping regulations, complex licensing procedures, limited resources of law enforcement agencies, and low public legal awareness. Non-penal measures such as community education, simplification of mining permits, economic empowerment programs, and local participation are crucial to addressing the socio-economic roots of illegal mining. Limitations: This study is confined to examining legal developments by comparing the Corruption Eradication Law with the provisions in the New Criminal Code. Contribution: This study contributes to the discourse on criminal law policy by highlighting the need for a balanced combination of penal and non-penal strategies to protect natural resources and achieve sustainable development. The findings can serve as a reference for local governments, law enforcement agencies, and policymakers in formulating more effective measures to eradicate illegal mining in Tulang Bawang and similar regions in Indonesia.